New Policies For Liberating People From Poverty - 1293 Words

After the liberation in 1961, Tanzania, created new policies for liberating people from poverty imprisonment. The government strategized to move people away from distant, remote locations of the country to designated village areas (villagelization), where services such that schools, clinics, piped water, roads, and adult education would easily be available to citizens. The villagelization blueprint famous in Kiswahili as vijiji vya ujmaaa linked with African communal life or African socialism (Hope, 2007; Major and Muhvihill, 2009). However, during this process, the country, like other parts of Africa, suffered from hunger as a result of a severe drought, together with the previous mention internal and external forces and once again†¦show more content†¦Nyerere doubtfully, responded to one of his interviewers that; â€Å"We stated what we stood for, we laid down a code of conduct for our leaders [in Tanzania] and we made an effort to achieve our goals. This was obvious to all, even if we made mistakes-and when one tries anything new and uncharted, there are bound to be mistakes† (p. 10). With humbleness of heart, Nyerere challenged his effort, while putting the love for his people in the forefront and extended that beyond Tanzania to the rest of African nations. Bunting (1999) indicates Nyerere’s dream for easing poverty, the creation of equal economic opportunities, and the improved wellbeing of citizen constantly defied Nyerere when he left office in 1985. Apart from his own failure, external forces on the other hand, exceeded his ability, failed his policies, and perpetuated poverty. He could not manage to deviate from the international polices, he, instead found himself restrained automatically in the policies of the World Bank, IMF, the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) now the World Trade Organization (WTO). All of these institutions, increased and worsened the poor condition in Tanzania, through the previously ident ified prohibitive regulations of the early 1970s (Hope, 2007). I would say that, the government of

The Absence of Social Conflict Social Stability in Brave...

The Absence of Social Conflict Social Stability in Brave New World In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley introduces the dystopia of a society created on the principle of social stability at all costs. Huxley wrote this book in 1932 hoping to warn future generations of what he feared might happen if society did not do something to stop the inevitable. The leaders of our society today hope for and work towards social stability without taking away primitive rights. Social stability can only be achieved by a society whose beliefs in social and ethical issues are never challenged. So even though modern society hopes for social stability, it is not a practical aspiration because it is obvious that some of the social and ethical†¦show more content†¦The people in the Brave New World society are divided into five castes. The highest most intelligent caste is the Alphas; they are the ones that make the rules and regulations for all other lower castes to follow. Betas, Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons follow in order as well as intelligence, level of c ontrol, and social stature. Neo-Pavlovian conditioning ensures the order of the castes. For a society to be socially stable every person in the society must feel like they belong. The caste system in Brave New World ensures that every person in the society has a function that they feel is essential to the success of the society as a whole. Since jobs are designed for each caste by the social skills they exhibit and their intelligence level, it makes it possible for very member of the society to do a job specially designed for their level of ability. Gammas and Deltas carry out menial tasks such as operating an elevator, or being a gopher. Alphas are designated jobs such as the manager of a company or a doctor. The caste-system affects the individual by making them feel needed and therefore avoiding social conflicts having to do with an individual feeling like they are left out of society. Hypnopedia is the process of embedding social ideologies into the minds of children while they are sleeping by repeating them over and over again. At the beginning, leaders of the Brave New World society tried to teachShow MoreRelatedIndividuality Vs Society1706 Words   |  7 PagesAldous Huxley s novel, Brave New World, tells the story of a dystopian world that contends with some of our modern world s most debated topics; individuality vs. society and the price one is willing to pay for security. Far from a idyllic utopia, Huxley portrays an advanced, highly ordered, and technology-driven society in which security and stability are purchased at the price of individuality. While the citizens of World State seem to be content with a world in which all individuality must beRead MoreA Comparison of Brave New World and Blade Runner Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesA Comparison of Brave New World and Blade Runner In the worlds of the narrative text Brave New World (1932), composed by Aldous Huxley and the visual text Blade Runner (Directors Cut) (1992), directed by Ridley Scott, perhaps the most significant thematic concern is that of the intervention into the natural order by elitist human forces. Responders are confronted with stark, forlorn visions of a future that has alienated the natural environment from humanity, creatingRead MoreThe End Of Brave New World Essay1311 Words   |  6 PagesThe end of Brave New World brings John the Savage into direct physical conflict with the brave new world which he has decided to leave. He must get rid of all burdens put upon him by this dystopian world. 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This book has many themes but this quote demonstrates how science affects people and the choices thatRead More The High Cost of Stability in Aldous Huxleys Brave New World3892 Words   |  16 PagesHigh Cost of Stability in Aldous Huxleys Brave New World Conditioning the citizens to like what they have and reject what they do not have is an authoritative government’s ideal way of maximizing efficiency. The citizens will consume what they are told to, there will be no brawls or disagreements and the state will retain high profits from the earnings. People can be conditioned chemically and physically prior to birth and psychologically afterwards. The novel, Brave New World, takes placeRead MoreAnalysis Of Aldous Huxley s Brave New World Essay2257 Words   |  10 Pagesprioritize individual happiness, emotion, and humanity in order for your life to have value. OVERALL TONE: Satirical Novel Cover Art Analysis The novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, is set in a â€Å"utopian† society where individuals are born into a strict social destiny and given recreational sex and drugs to maintain universal happiness and social stability. The major theme exhibited is individual happiness, emotion and humanity* are essential in order for your life to have value. However, the cover artRead MoreAldous Huxley And Orwell s Dystopian Dispute1882 Words   |  8 PagesHuxley and Orwell’s Dystopian Dispute This essay aims to note the various ways in which our modern times share, although diluted, notable aspects central to the dystopian cities in Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World and the setting called Oceania in 1894 by George Orwell. In both novels the reality of its citizens have been sculpted by a direct effort from the residing government. Their aim is principally at controlling the one facet that guides and motivates humans, their seeking of pleasure. TheirRead More International Relations Relating to Humanitarian Intervention1754 Words   |  8 Pagesparallels to historical examples of intervention and to recent world events. I will inspect the classical realist notion of non-intervention and sovereignty and another newer line of thought, more adapted to the modern system. What I hope to bring forth in this paper is a clearer understanding of the situation and the responsibilities of the actors in current international relations in regard to humanitarian rights and interve ntion. Today the world stands more connected than ever before in human historyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Angelica Kauffman Painted Prolifically And The Odyssey Essay2354 Words   |  10 Pagespaintings may have been something of a premonition based on the science and cultural acceptance of the woman’s body and of sexuality at that time. In short, Kauffman may have saw a need for virtue and used Homer’s classic but frightfully violent, conflict-driven epics as a means of displaying that need. Kaufmann’s French Context The period during which Kauffman painted these works was one in which there were a number of historical occurrences that would have impacted the way society viewed virtueRead MoreLeadership Profile, Jane Goodall4664 Words   |  19 Pagesfor the 45-year study of social and family interactions she observed with wild chimpanzees in East Africa. Goodall’s research shed light on our evolutionary past, reveling human like behaviors and complexities within chimpanzee. Goodall’s is a leader in primate research, however has changed her focus now to the conversation of their habitats. Goodall opened the Jane Goodall Institute in 1977, to promote the education of conservation to children and adults all over the world. The Jane Goodall Institute

Josephine Baker Racial Refugee Comes Home Free Essays

One hundred years ago a star was born, but its light, like that of real stars, took many years to reach us. Josephine Baker, dancer, actress and singer, shone on the stages of France long before she was accepted here in her native country. Having escaped from the poverty of her early childhood, Baker became a legendary performer in France only to be dismissed by American audiences of the 30s. We will write a custom essay sample on Josephine Baker: Racial Refugee Comes Home or any similar topic only for you Order Now Her story, fortunately, does not end there, as the changing social climate led to Baker’s eventual return and her efforts in the civil rights movement. Though it took decades, the â€Å"Black Venus† finally claimed her place in the history of American entertainers. Baker’s early family life was a world away from the life of glamour she was to later lead in France. Born Freda Josephine McDonald in St. Louis, Missouri in 1906, Baker was subjected to the racial prejudices of the times as a result of her mixed Native American and African-American origin. Sources vary on the identity of Baker’s father, but the official version lists Eddie Carson, a vaudeville drummer, and Carrie McDonald, a â€Å"washerwoman,† as Baker’s parents. As an infant, Josephine was taken by her mother to winerooms and vaudeville houses where her father performed (Haney 1981, p. 6). St. Louis had an important music scene at the time, and this certainly had quite an impact on the young Freda. Carson soon abandoned mother and child, and Baker’s mother married another man, Arthur Martin, with whom she bore a son and two more daughters. Martin, often unemployed, could not support the household, and so Baker’s childhood was spent cleaning, babysitting and waitressing. Baker describes working for the â€Å"Mistress,† a wealthy white woman, in her autobiography, where she was required to get up at five in the morning (Baker and Bouillon 1977, p. 3): â€Å"There was coal to fetch, the stove to stoke, chamber pots and spittoons to empty, bed to make wood to cut, the kitchen clean. † She did manage to go to school, but then worked after school as well, sleeping in the Mistress’s cellar at night. Baker was only seven years old. Haney (1981, p. 10) suggests that Josephine’s mother harbored resentment against her daughter, blaming her for the loss of Carson; perhaps this, along with the family’s poverty, explains why Carrie McDonald sent her daughter to the Mistress. Josephine finally returned home after the Mistress was arrested for physically abusing her, but Josephine wound up living much of the time with her grandmother and aunt as her relationship with her mother deteriorated even further. Baker’s feelings for the country of her birth were always to be influenced by the experiences of her youth in Missouri. In her autobiography, she recounts the story of seeing her neighborhood go up in flames and seeing a black man beaten when whites decided to avenge the alleged rape of a white woman in July of 1917. Upon leaving her house to find the conflagration, Baker said she thought she was looking at the Apocalypse (1977, p. 2). Jean-Claude Baker and Chase (1993, p. 30) reject Baker’s claim to have witnessed the St. Louis race riots, arguing that she only learned the story later from others. In any case, such an event was to leave a lasting impression on Josephine. Not surprisingly, she was to leave St. Louis at a young age in search of a more promising future. In Josephine’s youth, a brighter future was not available to her through education – she could only escape through marriage. At the age of only 13, Josephine married Willie Wells, a man more than twice her age (Baker and Chase 1993, p. 36). The marriage was illegal and short-lived (to be followed by five more marriages over the years), and Josephine was destined to return to her mother’s house. Her true escape came when she joined the St. Louis Chorus line, where she was an instant hit. Baker was soon touring with vaudeville troops, performing skits. Though audiences loved Josephine, she faced racism in town after town, where she faced the Ku Klux Klan and segregation (Haney 1981, p. 29). Baker continued her rise to stardom, though, when in 1921 she landed a role in the Broadway production of Shuffle Along, despite original concerns that she was too dark for the part. As the show became a hit, Josephine made an enormous salary for the time. When the production came to St. Louis, Josephine performed before a mixed audience, but the blacks were restricted to the balcony seating. Josephine’s biological father, Eddie Carson, reportedly showed up to ask to be hired for the show, only to be rejected (Haney (1981, p. 39). Baker followed up her success with a role in The Chocolate Dandies in 1924 and became a legend in connection with the Harlem Renaissance in 1925 at The Plantation Club. The real turning point came later in 1925, though, when Baker made her debut in Paris with Joe Alex and the Danse Sauvage in La Revue Negre at the Theatre des Champs-Elysees. The audience loved Baker, who danced wearing only a feather skirt. From there, she went on to tour Europe and eventually star in La Follie du Jour at the Follies-Begere, often appearing with her pet leopard and dancing in a skirt made of bananas. She was to star in two movies, ZouZou and Princess Tam-Tam in the mid-thirties, by which time she was one of the highest paid entertainers in Europe (Official Site). In 1936, though, Baker was to be forcefully reminded of the barriers African-Americans were facing in her native country when she returned to the United States to star in the Ziegfield Follies. Unpopular with American audiences and critics, Baker was eventually replaced by Gypsy Rose Lee. In fact, Josephine met the realities of American racism as soon as she got off the boat from France, as she was refused a room in several New York hotels because of her color. Miki Sawada, Baker’s maid at the time, was with her and described what happened (Baker and Chase 1993, p. 191): â€Å"I could not believe this could be the same woman I had seen in Europe, standing triumphant on the stage, showered with flowers. Here she was huddled before me on the floor, weeping. † In publicity photos for the production, Baker was lit so that she would appear lighter. She wrote to a friend, â€Å"†¦be assured, if I want to make a telephone call in the street, I’m still a negresse† (Baker and Chase 1993, p. 196). After the newspaper critics panned her performances, the show closed and Baker returned to France. Despite her experience in the thirties, Baker returned to America in the fifties and sixties to work to advance civil rights for people of color. The most famous instance occurred when Baker worked with the NAACP to protest segregation at The Stork Club. Animosity brewed as a result between Baker and gossip columnist Walter Winchell, which led to Baker’s name being tainted in the Red Scare of the McCarthy era. Baker found other ways to combat racism as well, adopting twelve multiethnic children who came to be known as the â€Å"Rainbow Tribe. † The first of her children, a son, was an â€Å"occupation† baby, a baby of mixed Japanese and Western race from Tokyo. Other adoptees hailed from Finland, Columbia, Canada and Israel (Baker and Bouillon 1977, p. 192-196). By the time of her death in 1975, Josephine Baker had accomplished more in her lifetime than anyone could possibly have imagined was possible for an African-American woman born at the beginning of the century. Not only did Baker manage to overcome the poverty and social limitations of her youth, she emerged as legendary entertainer, a champion of civil rights and a mother to so many who came from homes and situations as bleak as her own had been. Despite the many occasions on which her fellow Americans rejected her, Baker never gave up on her homeland and used her experiences as motivation to work toward a better society. The spate of biographies and the documentary of her life that have sprung up in the last two decades are a sign of the changing social climate and racial relations in America, as well as a sign of the longevity of Baker’s legacy. Bibliography Baker, J. and Bouillon, J. (1977) Jospehine. New York, Harper Row Publishers. Baker, J. C. and Chase, C. (1993) Josephine: The Hungry Heart New York. Random House. Biography. Available from: The Official Site of Josephine Baker, Josephine Baker Estate c/o CMG Worldwide http://www. cmgww. com/stars/baker [Accessed 19 October 2006]. Haney, L. (1981) Naked at the Feast: A Biography of Josephine Baker. New York, Dodd, Mead Company. How to cite Josephine Baker: Racial Refugee Comes Home, Papers

The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber free essay sample

Characteristic of most of Ernest Hemingway’s works, â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber† begins with a man and a woman seemingly happily in love but ends with that very love turning on itself and resulting in tragedy. The events leading up to their downfall tell a story of a lack of consistency, and a person’s true character being shown. The main themes of this story are courage and cowardice which are shown through all three characters: Francis, Wilson, and Margot. Francis Macomber begins his immediate decent when he embodies the theme of cowardice in the beginning of the story. When he encountered a wounded lion, he ran in fear and had to be saved by Wilson, the tour guide. This one decision cost Francis everything. The first consequence of his cowardly actions was the reaction that his wife had. Margot had lost all sense of protection from her husband when she had watched her husband run in fear. We will write a custom essay sample on The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She even expressed her discontent with his actions almost to a point of mockery. Margot was quick to point out all of Macomber’s flaws and mistakes and to raise up Wilson, who was appearing more attractive and appealing to her by the second. But Francis, being a kind and gentle man, did not react in anger. Instead he began his plot to win back his wife’s affection. While most men would probably go after the other man which their wife had transferred her attention towards, Francis was from thence forward looking for ways to regain his sense of manhood in his beloved wife’s eyes. One day when the three were out on their safari, Francis spotted his chance when he ran across some buffalo. Without hesitation, Francis shot and killed two buffalo. There was also a third buffalo that he had shot and appeared to be dead but was only severely wounded. Francis had shown bravery but was no match for the wounded buffalo that had begun to charge towards him. Wilson, once again, stepped in to save the day but unfortunately, Francis would die in his act of courage and valor. Richard Wilson is exactly what you would consider a safari tour guide to the rich to be like- experienced, fearless, and a little pompous. Although perceived as an outright act of valor, Margot may have forgotten that what Wilson had done was in a way a part of his job title. Wilson was responsible, to some extent, for the people whom he accompanied on safaris. After all, when a safari guide for the rich, it is most likely not uncommon for Richard to run into some couples that knew nothing of what they were getting themselves into but were merely spending their vast amounts of money into something adventurous. In other words, Wilson was probably more than used to be a babysitter for the adventurous wealthy. But on the other hand, Richard Wilson’s courage is not to be demeaned. Being a safari guide alone requires an amount of courage that most individuals do not possess. Richard exhibited his cowardice with the way that he allowed Margot to act towards him. Once again, Richard Wilson is not on vacation, this is his occupation. By allowing Margot to kiss him in the car and continue to talk more than kindly about him to and in front of her husband, he was being very unprofessional. Any real man would have had the courage to stand up to the woman that he had just met and tell her that he could not allow her to act in such a promiscuous way towards him. Probably the most cowardice of any of the main characters, Margot’s actions showed very little courage. Marriage is a commitment which is often misunderstood or ignored by most of the individuals who have joined in the vow. When a woman says ‘I do’ to a man, she is in essence promising that man that no matter what she is his and his only, forever. She is promising a certain level of obedience to him and the utmost of respect. In this story, Margot, if she really meant her vows, threw them out the window quicker than Francis ever had time to plead his case. Not only did Margot make her husband out to be the most disgusting of men for running away, she starting chasing after another man in front of her husband. But her cowardly spirit did not end there. When Francis was trying to win back her affections by killing the buffalo, his life was cut short by a bullet that left a gun his wife was holding. Ending another human’s life for your own personal agenda is the most selfish, cowardly act that an individual could commit. Francis Macomber may have had a moment of weakness and fear when he came face to face with a lion but through his self control and his later actions, he showed much more courage than Richard Wilson and Margot put together. Francis had every right to act out and to be typical and take his anger out on Wilson, but he didn’t. Macomber died a noble man who only wanted the love of his wife restored to him. When an individual’s life is taken into consideration, it is not how they began that matters but how they finished.